OXIDATION

Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to an organic compound or, conversely, the removal of hydrogen. Reaction control is the major issue during oxidation reactions.…

HYDROGENATION

In its simplest interpretation, hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to a chemical compound. Generally, the process involves elevated temperature and relatively high pressure in…

HALOGENATION

Halogenation is almost always chlorination, for the difference in cost between chlorine and the other halogens, particularly on a molar basis, is quite substantial. In…

FERMENTATION

Fermentation processes produce a wide range of chemicals that complement the various chemicals produced by nonfermentation routes. For example, alcohol, acetone, butyl alcohol, and acetic…

ETHYNYLATION

The ethynylation reaction involves the addition of acetylene to carbonyl compounds. HC?CH + R1COR2 ? HC?CC(OH)R1R2 Heavy metal acetylides, particularly cuprous acetylide (CuC?CH), catalyze the…