The hydroformylation (oxo) reactions offer ways of converting a-olefins to aldehydes and/or alcohols containing an additional carbon atom. CH3CH=CH2 + CO + H2 ? CH…

Ethyl alcohol is a product of fermentation of sugars and cellulose but the alcohol is manufactured mostly by the hydration of ethylene. An indirect process…

Halogenation is almost always chlorination, for the difference in cost between chlorine and the other halogens, particularly on a molar basis, is quite substantial. In…

Several chemicals are manufactured by application of the Friedel-Crafts condensation reaction. Efficient operation of any such process depends on: 1. The preparation and handling of…

Fermentation processes produce a wide range of chemicals that complement the various chemicals produced by nonfermentation routes. For example, alcohol, acetone, butyl alcohol, and acetic…

The ethynylation reaction involves the addition of acetylene to carbonyl compounds. HC?CH + R1COR2 ? HC?CC(OH)R1R2 Heavy metal acetylides, particularly cuprous acetylide (CuC?CH), catalyze the…

A variety of solvents, monomers, medicines, perfumes, and explosives are made from esters of nitric acid. Ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, iso-butyl acetate, glycerol trinitrate, pentaerythritol…

Dehydrogenation is a reaction that results in the removal of hydrogen from an organic compound or compounds, as in the dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene:…

Dehydration is the removal of water or the elements of water, in the correct proportion, from a substance or system or chemical compound. The elements…

There are only a few products manufactured in any considerable tonnage by condensation and addition (Friedel-Crafts) reactions, but those that are find use in several…